Tin

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Legality: DEA Listed Chemicals

Production of this substance may be illegal in some jurisdictions under certain circumstances.

21CFR1310.02 a & b

In 1995/6, two lists were created "List I" and "List II", for which commercial manufacturers and distributors must register, and for which possession with the intent to manufacture illegal substances (such as methamphetamine, ecstasy, etc) is illegal. On these a few dozen "precursor" compounds commonly used in the manufacture of illegal drugs. <ref>{{

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Bottom line: Do not produce this chemical without checking to make sure that you may do so legally.

 

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Legality: CWC Schedule 3

CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION, STOCKPILING AND USE OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION
ANNEX ON CHEMICALS
A. GUIDELINES FOR SCHEDULES OF CHEMICALS
Guidelines for Schedule 3
The following criteria shall be taken into account in considering whether a toxic chemical or precursor, not listed in other Schedules, should be included in Schedule 3:
(a) It has been produced, stockpiled or used as a chemical weapon;
(b) It poses otherwise a risk to the object and purpose of this Convention because it possesses such lethal or incapacitating toxicity as well as other properties that might enable it to be used as a chemical weapon;
(c) It poses a risk to the object and purpose of this Convention by virtue of its importance in the production of one or more chemicals listed in Schedule 1 or Schedule 2, part B;
(d) It may be produced in large commercial quantities for purposes not prohibited under this Convention.

Production of this substance may be illegal in some jurisdictions under certain circumstances. Bottom line: Do not produce this chemical without checking to make sure that you may do so legally.

 

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Legality: Controlled Substance

USC Title 21<ref>21 USC §812{{
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Production, Possession, or distribution of this substance without permission or defined legal justification may be illegal.

Bottom line: Do not produce this substance without checking to make sure that you may do so legally.

 

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Uses

Primary

  • as a component of bronze, brass and pewter.
  • as a component of solder

Secondary

  • tin is a useful structural material where its malleable nature is used, such as hinges or crimpable fasteners

Natural Sources

  • Elemental tin does not occur naturally
  • -oxide occurrs naturally as cassiterite

Hazards

  • Virtually all organotin compounds are highly toxic
  • At temperatures below 14°C, tin undergoes an allotropic change which changes the tin from a metallic form to a nonmetallic form. This is called "tin blight" or "tin pest". This process slowly reverses above 14°C and is rapidly reversed above 100°C.

Character

  • Tin has two important allotropes:
    • α- or "grey" tin which is grey, brittle, and nonmetallic.
    • β- or "white" tin which is silvery, ductile and metallic.
  • At 13.2 °C and below, pure Β tin transforms to α-tin
  • At 100°C and above α-tin reverts to Β-tin.

Production

Extraction

Reduction of tin with carbon is not an easy process since the free energies of reduction are unfavorable.

{{#Chem:SnO2 + C = Sn + CO2 dH=+125.2 kJ}}

However, reduction with carbon monoxide is considerably less unfavorable. For the reaction

{{#Chem: SnO2 + CO = SnO + CO2 dH=+5.5 kJ // First oxygen }}
{{#Chem: SnO + CO = Sn + CO2 dH= -0.3 kJ // Second oxygen}}
{{#Chem: SnO2 + 2CO = 2CO2 + Sn dH=+5.2kJ //Net}}

Testing

Storage

  • stacked as ingots, keeping the temperature above 14°C

Disposal

See Also

References

<references/>

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