Ammonium chloride

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Legality: DEA Listed Chemicals

Production of this substance may be illegal in some jurisdictions under certain circumstances.

21CFR1310.02 a & b

In 1995/6, two lists were created "List I" and "List II", for which commercial manufacturers and distributors must register, and for which possession with the intent to manufacture illegal substances (such as methamphetamine, ecstasy, etc) is illegal. On these a few dozen "precursor" compounds commonly used in the manufacture of illegal drugs. <ref>{{

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Bottom line: Do not produce this chemical without checking to make sure that you may do so legally.

 

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Legality: CWC Schedule 3

CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION, STOCKPILING AND USE OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION
ANNEX ON CHEMICALS
A. GUIDELINES FOR SCHEDULES OF CHEMICALS
Guidelines for Schedule 3
The following criteria shall be taken into account in considering whether a toxic chemical or precursor, not listed in other Schedules, should be included in Schedule 3:
(a) It has been produced, stockpiled or used as a chemical weapon;
(b) It poses otherwise a risk to the object and purpose of this Convention because it possesses such lethal or incapacitating toxicity as well as other properties that might enable it to be used as a chemical weapon;
(c) It poses a risk to the object and purpose of this Convention by virtue of its importance in the production of one or more chemicals listed in Schedule 1 or Schedule 2, part B;
(d) It may be produced in large commercial quantities for purposes not prohibited under this Convention.

Production of this substance may be illegal in some jurisdictions under certain circumstances. Bottom line: Do not produce this chemical without checking to make sure that you may do so legally.

 

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Legality: Controlled Substance

USC Title 21<ref>21 USC §812{{
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This substance is currently {{#if
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Production, Possession, or distribution of this substance without permission or defined legal justification may be illegal.

Bottom line: Do not produce this substance without checking to make sure that you may do so legally.

 

[[Category:US Schedule {{#ifeq: |1|I|{{#ifeq:|2|II|{{#ifeq:|3|III|{{#ifeq:|4|IV|{{#ifeq:|5|V|}}}}}}}}}} Substances]]}}

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Ammonium chloride {{#if:Sal ammoniac|
aka Sal ammoniac}} {{#if:|
DEA LIST I/II SUBSTANCE}} {{#if:|
CWC LIST I/II/III SUBSTANCE}} {{#if:||
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13|{{#if:4.25|14|10}}}}em;"|Chemical formula {{#Chem:NH4Cl}}|unspecified}}
Atomic Number  }}}}{{#if:white/clear crystals| 
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NFPA 704
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Uses

Other

Natural occurrence

  • Does occur naturally as the mineral sal ammoniac

Hazards

Production

Extraction

Synthesis

via sodium chloride

with ammonia

Bubble carbon dioxide through a solution of sodium chloride, ammonia, and water, producing ammonium chloride and sodium bicarbonate<ref>{{#if:{{#ifeq:US|US|http://www.google.com/patents/US{{ safesubst:#if:1|2622004}}}}|{{#if:Cyclic process for production of sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride|US patent {{ safesubst:#if:1|2622004}} "[{{#ifeq:US|US|http://www.google.com/patents/US{{ safesubst:#if:1|2622004}}}} Cyclic process for production of sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride]"|[{{#ifeq:US|US|http://www.google.com/patents/US{{ safesubst:#if:1|2622004}}}} US patent {{ safesubst:#if:1|2622004}}]}}|US patent {{ safesubst:#if:1|2622004}}{{#if:Cyclic process for production of sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride|, "Cyclic process for production of sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride"}}}}{{#if:| , }}{{#if:{{#ifeq:US|US|Google}}|
Link courtesy {{#ifeq:US|US|Google}}}}</ref><ref>{{#if:{{#ifeq:US|US|http://www.google.com/patents/US{{ safesubst:#if:1|2666686}}}}|{{#if:Production of sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride in modified ammonia-soda type process|US patent {{ safesubst:#if:1|2666686}} "[{{#ifeq:US|US|http://www.google.com/patents/US{{ safesubst:#if:1|2666686}}}} Production of sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride in modified ammonia-soda type process]"|[{{#ifeq:US|US|http://www.google.com/patents/US{{ safesubst:#if:1|2666686}}}} US patent {{ safesubst:#if:1|2666686}}]}}|US patent {{ safesubst:#if:1|2666686}}{{#if:Production of sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride in modified ammonia-soda type process|, "Production of sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride in modified ammonia-soda type process"}}}}{{#if:| , }}{{#if:{{#ifeq:US|US|Google}}|
Link courtesy {{#ifeq:US|US|Google}}}}></ref><ref>{{#if:{{#ifeq:US|US|http://www.google.com/patents/US{{ safesubst:#if:1|3121610}}}}|{{#if:Process for the preparation of ammonium chloride from the liquor of an ammonia-soda process|US patent {{ safesubst:#if:1|3121610}} "[{{#ifeq:US|US|http://www.google.com/patents/US{{ safesubst:#if:1|3121610}}}} Process for the preparation of ammonium chloride from the liquor of an ammonia-soda process]"|[{{#ifeq:US|US|http://www.google.com/patents/US{{ safesubst:#if:1|3121610}}}} US patent {{ safesubst:#if:1|3121610}}]}}|US patent {{ safesubst:#if:1|3121610}}{{#if:Process for the preparation of ammonium chloride from the liquor of an ammonia-soda process|, "Process for the preparation of ammonium chloride from the liquor of an ammonia-soda process"}}}}{{#if:| , }}{{#if:{{#ifeq:US|US|Google}}|
Link courtesy {{#ifeq:US|US|Google}}}}</ref>:

{{#Chem: NaCl(aq) + NH3(aq)+ H2O(l) + CO2(g) → NaHCO3(s) + NH4Cl(aq)}}
  1. Prepare an ammonia solution with a density of 0.907 (25% w/w) at 20°C
  2. Heat the solution to 40°C
  3. Add an excess of salt
  4. Decant/filter solution
  5. Discard residue (undissolved salt)
    Solution is {{#Chem: NH4OH + NaCl + NH4Cl + NaOH}}
  6. Chill to -11°C
  7. Precipitate is ammonium chloride (Approximately 10% w/w of the saturated salt solution)
  8. Solution is {{#Chem: NH4OH + NaCl + NaOH}} with some remaining dissolved ammonium chloride, and weighs approximately 90% of the original saturated salt solution.
with ammonium carbonate (1:2)

Bubble carbon dioxide through a saturated solution of sodium chloride and ammonium carbonate, shortcutting the above, producing ammonium chloride and sodium bicarbonate:

{{#Chem: 2 NaCl + (NH4)2CO3 + CO2 + H2O = 2 NaHCO3(s) + 2 NH4Cl}}
with ammonium bicarbonate(1:1)

Bubble carbon dioxide through a saturated solution of sodium chloride and ammonium bicarbonate, shortcutting the above, producing ammonium chloride and sodium bicarbonate:

{{#Chem: NaCl + (NH4)HCO3 = NaHCO3(s) + NH4Cl}}

via hydrochloric acid

Combine ammonia and hydrochloric acid

{{#Chem: NH3 + HCl = NH4Cl}}

via calcium chloride

(or magnesium chloride)

  1. Bubble carbon dioxide through a solution of ammonia and magnesium or calcium chloride, precipitating magnesium or calcium carbonate:
    {{#Chem: 2 NH3 + CaCl2 + H2O + CO2 = 2 NH4Cl + CaCO3}}
  2. Filter
  3. Discard residue
  4. Evaporate filtrate to crystallize ammonium chloride

Purification

Sublimation/dissociation

This could also replace the evaporation iterations in the synthesis. Ammonium chloride dissociates (reversibly) into ammonia and hydrogen chloride at 337.6 °C. If the gases are cooled on a surface, they react to re-form ammonium chloride, so placing a cold boiling flask over a beaker of solid ammonium chloride, then heating the beaker would transport just the ammonium chloride to the bottom of the flask.

Testing

Storage

Disposal

See Also

  • {{#if:{{#ifeq:US|US|http://www.google.com/patents/US{{ safesubst:#if:1|2209681}}}}|{{#if:Electrolysis of ammonium chloride|US patent {{ safesubst:#if:1|2209681}} "[{{#ifeq:US|US|http://www.google.com/patents/US{{ safesubst:#if:1|2209681}}}} Electrolysis of ammonium chloride]"|[{{#ifeq:US|US|http://www.google.com/patents/US{{ safesubst:#if:1|2209681}}}} US patent {{ safesubst:#if:1|2209681}}]}}|US patent {{ safesubst:#if:1|2209681}}{{#if:Electrolysis of ammonium chloride|, "Electrolysis of ammonium chloride"}}}}{{#if:| , }}{{#if:{{#ifeq:US|US|Google}}|
    Link courtesy {{#ifeq:US|US|Google}}}}
  • {{#if:{{#ifeq:US|US|http://www.google.com/patents/US{{ safesubst:#if:1|2622004}}}}|{{#if:Cyclic process for production of sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride|US patent {{ safesubst:#if:1|2622004}} "[{{#ifeq:US|US|http://www.google.com/patents/US{{ safesubst:#if:1|2622004}}}} Cyclic process for production of sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride]"|[{{#ifeq:US|US|http://www.google.com/patents/US{{ safesubst:#if:1|2622004}}}} US patent {{ safesubst:#if:1|2622004}}]}}|US patent {{ safesubst:#if:1|2622004}}{{#if:Cyclic process for production of sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride|, "Cyclic process for production of sodium bicarbonate and ammonium chloride"}}}}{{#if:| , }}{{#if:{{#ifeq:US|US|Google}}|
    Link courtesy {{#ifeq:US|US|Google}}}}

References

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