Ammonia

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Legality: DEA Listed Chemicals

Production of this substance may be illegal in some jurisdictions under certain circumstances.

21CFR1310.02 a & b

In 1995/6, two lists were created "List I" and "List II", for which commercial manufacturers and distributors must register, and for which possession with the intent to manufacture illegal substances (such as methamphetamine, ecstasy, etc) is illegal. On these a few dozen "precursor" compounds commonly used in the manufacture of illegal drugs. <ref>{{

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Bottom line: Do not produce this chemical without checking to make sure that you may do so legally.

 

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Legality: CWC Schedule 3

CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION, STOCKPILING AND USE OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION
ANNEX ON CHEMICALS
A. GUIDELINES FOR SCHEDULES OF CHEMICALS
Guidelines for Schedule 3
The following criteria shall be taken into account in considering whether a toxic chemical or precursor, not listed in other Schedules, should be included in Schedule 3:
(a) It has been produced, stockpiled or used as a chemical weapon;
(b) It poses otherwise a risk to the object and purpose of this Convention because it possesses such lethal or incapacitating toxicity as well as other properties that might enable it to be used as a chemical weapon;
(c) It poses a risk to the object and purpose of this Convention by virtue of its importance in the production of one or more chemicals listed in Schedule 1 or Schedule 2, part B;
(d) It may be produced in large commercial quantities for purposes not prohibited under this Convention.

Production of this substance may be illegal in some jurisdictions under certain circumstances. Bottom line: Do not produce this chemical without checking to make sure that you may do so legally.

 

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Legality: Controlled Substance

USC Title 21<ref>21 USC §812{{
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Production, Possession, or distribution of this substance without permission or defined legal justification may be illegal.

Bottom line: Do not produce this substance without checking to make sure that you may do so legally.

 

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Ammonia is a key industrial chemical. It is energetically expensive to synthesize chemically, but some biological processes produce it in small amounts.

Uses

Primary

  • Key industrial chemical
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    • precursor to all ammonium compounds

Secondary

  • Antimicrobial: With a pH much higher than a neutral water solution, it denatures proteins and some other organics, leading to cell damage and eventually death of the organism.
  • Cleanser: Ammonia brings fats and oils into aqueous solution, making it an efficient cleanser for many types of dirt. The remaining water, containing ammonia, will evaporate leaving no wetness behind.
  • Fertilizer/Soil treatment: raises the nitrogen value and the pH of soil when used as a fertilizer
  • feedstock for nitrates via ammonia biofiltration

Natural occurrence

  • Ammonia is produced by fish, who excrete it in lieu of urine
  • Ammonia is produced by environmental bacteria acting on urine

Hazards

Ammonia is toxic. Annhydrous ammonia can kill you with a single lungfull. Treat both with care.

Production

Synthesis

Alkaline Decomposition of Urea

  1. Dissolve 15 ubm urea in a minimum amount of water
  2. Slowly combine with an equimolar amount (~18ubm) calcium oxide
    NB: Keep temp below 133°C to prevent urea decomposition (producing carbon dioxide or ammonium carbonate
    Lead outgasses to bubble through distilled water to absorb the ammonia
    {{#Chem: CO(NH2)2 + Ca(OH)2 = CaCO3 + 2NH3}}
  3. Filter
  4. Discard residue. It is calcium carbonate
  5. Heat filtrate, possibly adding more calcium oxide, to expel as much ammonia as possible into the bubbler.

Haber process

Main article Haber process

The haber process is a direct (catalyzed) synthesis of ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen gasses.

{{#Chem: 3H2 + N2 { Fe3O4 = heat } 2NH3}}

Cyanamide process

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  1. Produce calcium carbide] with an arc furnace
    {{#Chem: Ca + 2C { = 2000°C } CaC2 }}
  2. Flow nitrogen gas over the -carbide at 1000°C producing calcium cyanamide.
    {{#Chem: CaC2 + N2 { = 1000°C, 1 atm } CaCN2 + C }}
  3. Combine -cyanamide with water producing ammonia.
    {{#Chem: CaCN2 + 3H2O { = OTP } CaCO3 + 2NH3}}

Serpek process

  1. Expose magnesium to nitrogen in a hot environment, producing magnesium nitride.
    {{#Chem: 3Mg + N2 { = 800°C} Mg3N2}}
  2. Immerse magnesium nitride in water, producing ammonia.
    {{#Chem: Mg3N2 + 6H2O = 3Mg(OH)2 + 2NH3}}

Purification

Concentration

Main article ammonium hydroxide

Concentration by conversion

Many ammonium salts can be thermally decomposed. Convert dilute ammonia to something else such as ammonium chloride or ammonium (bi)carbonate, then decompose that, diferentially absorbing the ammonia and the other material.

  1. Add equimolar amounts of hydrochloric acid and ammonia in solution, producing ammonium chloride.
  2. Boil dilute ammonium chloride to concentrate
  3. Add sodium hydroxide to solution producing ammonia and salt (and more water)

Testing

Storage

Disposal

References

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See Also

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