Urea

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Legality: DEA Listed Chemicals

Production of this substance may be illegal in some jurisdictions under certain circumstances.

21CFR1310.02 a & b

In 1995/6, two lists were created "List I" and "List II", for which commercial manufacturers and distributors must register, and for which possession with the intent to manufacture illegal substances (such as methamphetamine, ecstasy, etc) is illegal. On these a few dozen "precursor" compounds commonly used in the manufacture of illegal drugs. <ref>{{

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Bottom line: Do not produce this chemical without checking to make sure that you may do so legally.

 

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Legality: CWC Schedule 3

CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION, STOCKPILING AND USE OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION
ANNEX ON CHEMICALS
A. GUIDELINES FOR SCHEDULES OF CHEMICALS
Guidelines for Schedule 3
The following criteria shall be taken into account in considering whether a toxic chemical or precursor, not listed in other Schedules, should be included in Schedule 3:
(a) It has been produced, stockpiled or used as a chemical weapon;
(b) It poses otherwise a risk to the object and purpose of this Convention because it possesses such lethal or incapacitating toxicity as well as other properties that might enable it to be used as a chemical weapon;
(c) It poses a risk to the object and purpose of this Convention by virtue of its importance in the production of one or more chemicals listed in Schedule 1 or Schedule 2, part B;
(d) It may be produced in large commercial quantities for purposes not prohibited under this Convention.

Production of this substance may be illegal in some jurisdictions under certain circumstances. Bottom line: Do not produce this chemical without checking to make sure that you may do so legally.

 

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Legality: Controlled Substance

USC Title 21<ref>21 USC §812{{
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This substance is currently {{#if
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Production, Possession, or distribution of this substance without permission or defined legal justification may be illegal.

Bottom line: Do not produce this substance without checking to make sure that you may do so legally.

 

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A major source of organic nitrogen.

Uses

Primary

  • Industrial chemical
  • Fertilizer (46-0-0)

Secondary

  • Feedstock (through natural decomposition) to ammonia
  • Feedstock for urea nitrate for cold packs
  • Pharm: (ointment) Skin treatment

Natural occurrence

  • Appears naturally in urine and to a lesser degree in compost

Hazards

Production

Extraction

from urine

Approximately 9.3g are expected in a liter of fresh human urine. Delay in processing allows bacteria to convert the urea to ammonia.

Pee foam
  • Prussian blue<youtube>-ms8HTaytHk</youtube>
  • DBX Labs <youtube>yYIw4qV42Eg</youtube>
  • Hyperspace pirate <youtube>f6mLykQjxZ0</youtube>
simple evaporation
  1. Dry urine to solids
  2. Repeat
    1. Dissolve in ethanol
    2. filter
    3. discard residue
    4. evaporate alcohol
    5. gather crystals
  3. Until nothing but clear crystals remains

The crystals are urea

further separation
Reactants
Products
Equipment
  • Liquid Dryer/Evaporater
  • Gas bubbling equipment
  • (Optional) Distillation equipment
Process
  1. Boil 10L of urine down to 1L (containing ~93g, 6.6M of urea)
  2. Filter
  3. Residue contains organics, calcium and other phosphates, can be retained to produce phosphorus or burned and disposed
  4. Filtrate contains sodium chloride and urea
  5. Evaporate water by gentle heating (≤ 133°C)
  6. Residue is mostly sodium chloride and urea
  7. Wash residue with hot concentrated ethanol several times, combine washings
    NB: Urea dissolves easily, salt does not.
  8. IF (two layers form in the washings)
    1. Separate the aqueous layer and evaporate separately, producing mineral salts
  9. ENDIF
  10. Evaporate ethanol washings
    NB: It may be worth condensing the ethanol vapors
  11. The residue is urea. It should crystallize
via oxalic acid
  • Precipitate from urine using oxalic acid, then extract again using calcium hydroxide. Detoxify the calcium oxalate by thermal decomposition.
    {{#Chem: CO(NH2)2 + H2(COO)2 = C3H6N2O5}}
    {{#Chem: C3H6N2O5 + Ca(OH)2 = CO(NH2)2 + Ca(COO)2 + 2 H2O}}
    {{#Chem: Ca(COO)2 { = ≥600°C } CaCO3 + CO|t=600}}
via nitric acid
  1. Combine urine and nitric acid, producing urea nitrate crystals
  2. Filter
  3. Discard filtrate
  4. Repeat
    1. Prepare a saturated solution of urea nitrate in boiling water
    2. Mix in charcoal fines
    3. Stir
    4. Cool
    5. Filter through charcoal
    6. Discard residue
    7. Dry solution to crystals
  5. Until no further residue is collected and the crystals are as pure as desired

Synthesis

industial

Wohler

  • Combine silver cyanate with ammonium chloride.
    {{#Chem: AgNCO + NH4Cl → CO(NH2)2 + AgCl}}

See Also

References

<references/>

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