Copper (II) chloride

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Legality: DEA Listed Chemicals

Production of this substance may be illegal in some jurisdictions under certain circumstances.

21CFR1310.02 a & b

In 1995/6, two lists were created "List I" and "List II", for which commercial manufacturers and distributors must register, and for which possession with the intent to manufacture illegal substances (such as methamphetamine, ecstasy, etc) is illegal. On these a few dozen "precursor" compounds commonly used in the manufacture of illegal drugs. <ref>{{

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<ref>{{

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Bottom line: Do not produce this chemical without checking to make sure that you may do so legally.

 

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Legality: CWC Schedule 3

CONVENTION ON THE PROHIBITION OF THE DEVELOPMENT, PRODUCTION, STOCKPILING AND USE OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS AND ON THEIR DESTRUCTION
ANNEX ON CHEMICALS
A. GUIDELINES FOR SCHEDULES OF CHEMICALS
Guidelines for Schedule 3
The following criteria shall be taken into account in considering whether a toxic chemical or precursor, not listed in other Schedules, should be included in Schedule 3:
(a) It has been produced, stockpiled or used as a chemical weapon;
(b) It poses otherwise a risk to the object and purpose of this Convention because it possesses such lethal or incapacitating toxicity as well as other properties that might enable it to be used as a chemical weapon;
(c) It poses a risk to the object and purpose of this Convention by virtue of its importance in the production of one or more chemicals listed in Schedule 1 or Schedule 2, part B;
(d) It may be produced in large commercial quantities for purposes not prohibited under this Convention.

Production of this substance may be illegal in some jurisdictions under certain circumstances. Bottom line: Do not produce this chemical without checking to make sure that you may do so legally.

 

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Legality: Controlled Substance

USC Title 21<ref>21 USC §812{{
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This substance is currently {{#if
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Production, Possession, or distribution of this substance without permission or defined legal justification may be illegal.

Bottom line: Do not produce this substance without checking to make sure that you may do so legally.

 

[[Category:US Schedule {{#ifeq: |1|I|{{#ifeq:|2|II|{{#ifeq:|3|III|{{#ifeq:|4|IV|{{#ifeq:|5|V|}}}}}}}}}} Substances]]}}

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Copper (II) chloride {{#if:cupric chloride|
aka cupric chloride}} {{#if:|
DEA LIST I/II SUBSTANCE}} {{#if:|
CWC LIST I/II/III SUBSTANCE}} {{#if:||
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13|{{#if:530|14|10}}}}em;"|Chemical formula {{#Chem:CuCl2}}|unspecified}}
Atomic Number  }}}}{{#if:yellow-brown solid| 
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170.48(dihydrate)| 
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NFPA 704
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{{#Chem: CuCl, Cl2}}

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Uses

Other

Natural occurrence

  • Does occur naturally as the very rare minerals tolbachite and eriochalcite

Hazards

Soluble copper compounds are toxic to mammals and can be deadly to fish.

Production

Synthesis

The main routes are divided by the source and valence of the copper, and the source of the chloride ion.

Production of copper chloride
  Source of chloride ion
hydrochloric acid (aerated) ammonium chloride chlorine gas
Copper (0)
copper metal ✔ ? ✔
Copper (I)
copper (I) chloride ✔ ? ?
Chalcocite
copper (I) sulfide		 ? ? ?
Cuprite
copper (I) oxide		 ? ? ?
Copper (II)
Copper (II) oxide ✔ ✔ ?
copper (II) sulfide ✔ ✔ ?
Malachite ✔ ✔ ?
Azurite ✔ ✔ ?
Copper (II) acetate ✔ ? ?
Copper (II) hydroxide ? ? ?

via hydrochloric acid

metallic copper
  • Bubble air through copper metal immersed in hydrochloric acid. This will not work without the air, and even then it takes days. This may go in two separate steps, first to copper (I) chloride, and thence to copper(II) chloride, shown separately below.
    {{#Chem: 4Cu + 4HCl + O2 = 4CuCl + 2H2O // from copper(0) to copper (I)}}
    {{#Chem: 4CuCl + 4HCl + O2 = 4CuCl2 + 2H2O // from copper(I) to copper (II)}}
copper (I) chloride
  • Bubble air through copper (I) chloride in hydrochloric acid. This will not work without the air, and even then it takes days. <ref>{{#if:{{#ifeq:US|US|http://www.google.com/patents/US{{ safesubst:#if:1|2586579}}}}|{{#if:Method of production of cuprous oxide and copper chlorides|US patent {{ safesubst:#if:1|2586579}} "[{{#ifeq:US|US|http://www.google.com/patents/US{{ safesubst:#if:1|2586579}}}} Method of production of cuprous oxide and copper chlorides]"|[{{#ifeq:US|US|http://www.google.com/patents/US{{ safesubst:#if:1|2586579}}}} US patent {{ safesubst:#if:1|2586579}}]}}|US patent {{ safesubst:#if:1|2586579}}{{#if:Method of production of cuprous oxide and copper chlorides|, "Method of production of cuprous oxide and copper chlorides"}}}}{{#if:| , }}{{#if:{{#ifeq:US|US|Google}}|
    Link courtesy {{#ifeq:US|US|Google}}}}    </ref>
    {{#Chem: 4CuCl + 4HCl + O2 = 4CuCl2 + 2H2O // from (I) to (II)}}
copper (II) minerals

via ammonium chloride

copper carbonate / malachite / azurite

These reactions work in the presence of excess ammonium chloride

{{#Chem:4 NH4Cl + Cu2CO3(OH)2 = 2 CuCl2 + 3 H2O + 4 NH3 + CO2 // 2x excess of -chloride }}
{{#Chem:6 NH4Cl + Cu3(CO3)2(OH)2 = 3 CuCl2 + 4 H2O + 6 NH3 + 2 CO2 // UNTESTED}}
copper (II) oxide / sulfide
...hydrochlorination of the copper(II) compounds begins at 190°C to form ammonium chlorocuprates, {{#Chem:(NH4)2CuCl4}} in with copper (II) oxide and {{#Chem:NH4CuCl3}} with copper (II) sulfide, which at the temperature higher than 300°C decompose affording {{#Chem:CuCl2}}<ref>{{
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Compound  I.  A  mixture  of  copper  oxide,  6.67  g,  and  ammonium  chloride,  17.61  g,  was  calcined  at  a  temperature of 320°C for 12 h.
Compound  II.  Prepared  similarly  from  5.46  g  of  copper sulfide and 18.04 g of ammonium chloride at a temperature of 320°C for 12 h
  1. Combine 1ubm copper (II) oxide and 2.6ubm dry ammonium chloride
  2. Heat to 320°C for 12h
    {{#Chem: 2 NH4Cl + CuO { = 320°C} CuCl2 + H2O + 2 NH3 }}
  3. Cool to RT with dryer in place.

via chlorine

metallic copper

At or above red heat (~500°C), copper reacts directly with gaseous chlorine, giving molten {{#Chem:CuCl2}}. The reaction is sufficiently exothermic that the reaction will continue once started.

via calcium chloride

copper (II) sulfate

Metathesis reaction between copper (II) sulfate with calcium chloride or barium chloride, producing copper chloride in solution and calcium sulfate as a precipitate. Obviously this is only useful after the production of both materials, so there's a bootstrapping problem.

{{#Chem: CuSO4 + CaCl2 = CuCl2 + CaSO4}}
{{#Chem: CuSO4 + BaCl2 = CuCl2 + BaSO4}}
copper (II) acetate
  1. Combine calcium chloride with copper acetate in ethanol
    Filter solution. Residue is calcium acetate
  2. Evaporate filtrate. Residue is copper chloride

Purification

Recrystallize from hot dilute aqueous HCl by cooling in a calcium chloride-ice bath

Testing

  • Visual: Yellow-brown (anhydrous) dark green (excess chloride) or bright blue (partially hydrated) crystals
  • Reacts vigorously with aluminum
    {{#Chem: 3CuCl2 + 2Al = 3Cu + 2AlCl3}}

Storage

  • Do not store with excess copper. This can result in decomposition to copper (I) chloride:
    {{#Chem: Cu + CuCl2 = 2CuCl }}
  • Do not store in acidic conditions.

Disposal

See Also

References

<references/>

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